Gricos

Gricos Γκρίκο
Comunidades hablantes de grico en Calabria y Grecia Salentina. Evento cultural grico en Aspromonte.
Otros nombres	Grecanici
Ubicación	Península itálica
Descendencia	122 000
Idioma	Grico y grecocalabrés (dialectos del griego, italiano
Religión	Catolicismo (mayoría), catolicismo bizantino (minoría)
Etnias relacionadas	Griegos, sicilianos
Asentamientos importantes
54 278 (2005)[1]​	Apulia,  Italia
22 636 (2010)	Calabria,  Italia
500 (2012)[2]​[3]​	Sicilia,  Italia
[editar datos en Wikidata]

Los gricos (en griego: Γκρίκο), también conocido como grecanici en Calabria,^[4]​^[5]​^[6]​^[7]​^[8]​ es una comunidad étnica griega del sur de Italia, principalmente en las regiones de Calabria y Apulia (península de Salento).^[9]​^[10]​^[11]​^[12]​^[13]​ Se cree que los gricos son restos de las grandes comunidades griegas antiguas y medievales del sur de Italia (la antigua región de Magna Graecia), aunque existe una disputa entre los estudiosos sobre si la comunidad grica desciende directamente de los griegos antiguos o es producto de migraciones medievales durante la dominación bizantina.^[12]​^[14]​

Los griegos han estado viviendo en el sur de Italia durante milenios, llegando inicialmente al sur de Italia en numerosas oleadas de migraciones, desde la antigua colonización griega del sur de Italia y Sicilia en el siglo VIII a. C. hasta las migraciones griegas bizantinas del siglo XV causadas por el conquista otomana. En la Edad Media, las comunidades regionales griegas se redujeron a enclaves aislados. Aunque la mayoría de los habitantes griegos del sur de Italia se han vuelto italianos por completo a lo largo de los siglos, la comunidad grica ha podido preservar su identidad, herencia, idioma y cultura distintiva griega original, aunque la exposición a los medios de comunicación ha erosionado progresivamente su cultura e idioma.^[15]​^[11]​^[13]​^[16]​

Un debate de larga duración sobre el origen del dialecto grico ha producido dos teorías principales sobre los orígenes de los grico. Según la primera teoría, desarrollada por Giuseppe Morosi en 1870, los gricos se originaron en la koiné helenística cuando en la época bizantina llegaron oleadas de inmigrantes de Grecia a Salento.^[17]​ Algunas décadas después de Morosi, Gerhard Rohlfs, siguiendo a Hatzidakis (1892), afirmó en cambio que el grico era una variedad local que evolucionó directamente del griego antiguo.^[18]​

El pueblo grico habla tradicionalmente griego italiota (los dialectos grico o calabrés), que es una forma del idioma griego. En los últimos años, el número de gricos que hablan el idioma grico se ha reducido considerablemente; los gricos más jóvenes se han pasado rápidamente al italiano.^[19]​

1. ↑ «Unione dei comuni della Grecia Salentina - Grecia Salentina official site (in Italian).». www.comune.melpignano.le.it/melpignano-nella-grecia-salentina. Archivado desde el original el 19 de agosto de 2014. Consultado el 17 de enero de 2011. «La popolazione complessiva dell’Unione è di 54278 residenti così distribuiti (Dati Istat al 31° dicembre 2005. Comune Popolazione Calimera 7351 Carpignano Salentino 3868 Castrignano dei Greci 4164 Corigliano d'Otranto 5762 Cutrofiano 9250 Martano 9588 Martignano 1784 Melpignano 2234 Soleto 5551 Sternatia 2583 Zollino 2143 Totale 54278». 
2. ↑ Cfr. delibera della giunta comunale di Messina n. 339 del 27/04/2012 avente come oggetto: «Progetto "Mazì" finalizzato al mantenimento identità linguistica della comunità minoritaria greco-sicula sul terr. com. L.N. 482 del 15.12.99 a tutela delle minoranze linguistiche. Approv. progetto, della scheda identificativa, dell'autocerti. e delle schede relative al quadro economico».
3. ↑ «Delimitazione ambito territoriale della minoranza linguistica greca di Messina». Archivado desde el original el 3 de septiembre de 2013. Consultado el 2 de marzo de 2012. 
4. ↑ Brisbane, Albert; Mellen, Abigail; Stallsmith, Allaire Brisbane (2005). The European travel diaries of Albert Brisbane, 1830-1832: discovering Fourierism for America. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 111. ISBN 9780773460706. «In Calabria there still exist people called Grecanici, who speak a dialect of Greek and practice the Orthodox Christian faith». 
5. ↑ F. Violi, Lessico Grecanico-Italiano-Grecanico, Apodiafàzzi, Reggio Calabria, 1997.
6. ↑ Paolo Martino, L'isola grecanica dell'Aspromonte. Aspetti sociolinguistici, 1980. Risultati di un'inchiesta del 1977
7. ↑ Filippo Violi, Storia degli studi e della letteratura popolare grecanica, C.S.E. Bova (RC), 1992
8. ↑ In Salento e Calabria le voci della minoranza linguistica greca | Treccani, il portale del sapere
9. ↑ Bornträger, Ekkehard W. (1999). Borders, ethnicity, and national self-determination. Braumüller. p. 16. ISBN 9783700312413. «…the process of socio-cultural alienation is still much further advanced those ethnic groups that are not (or only “symbolically”) protected. This also applies to the southern Italian Grecanici (ethnic Greeks), who at least cannot complain of any lack of linguistic publicity.» 
10. ↑ PARDO-DE-SANTAYANA, MANUEL; Pieroni, Andrea; Puri, Rajindra K. (2010). Ethnobotany in the new Europe: people, health, and wild plant resources. Berghahn Books. pp. 173-174. ISBN 9781845454562. «The ethnic Greek minorities living in southern Italy today exemplify the establishment of independent and permanent colonial settlements of Greeks in history.» 
11. ↑ ^{a b} Bekerman Zvi; Kopelowitz, Ezra (2008). Cultural education -- cultural sustainability: minority, diaspora, indigenous, and ethno-religious groups in multicultural societies. Routledge. p. 390. ISBN 9780805857245. «Griko Milume - This reaction was even more pronounced in the southern Italian communities of Greek origins. There are two distinct clusters, in Apulia and Calabria, which have managed to preserve their language, Griko or Grecanico, all through the historical events that have shaped Italy. While being Italian citizens, they are actually aware of their Greek roots and again the defense of their language is the key to their identity.» 
12. ↑ ^{a b} Danver, Steven L. (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. p. 316. ISBN 9781317464006. «Some 46,000 ethnic Greeks in Italy are descendants of the Greek settlers that colonized Sicily and southern Italy up to the Gulf of Naples in antiquity. At that time, most of the Greek population lived in what is now Italian territory, in areas of settlement that were referred to as Magna Graecia or “Greater Greece.” Of the modern Greeks living in that region, only about one-third still speak Greek, while the rest have adopted Italian as their first language.» 
13. ↑ ^{a b} Hardy, Paula; Hole, Abigail; Pozzan, Olivia (2008). Puglia & Basilicata. Lonely Planet. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9781741790894. «THE GREEK SALENTINE – The Greek Salentine is a historical oddity, left over from a time when the Byzantine Empire controlled southern Italy and Greek culture was the order of the day. It is a cluster of nine towns – Calimera, Castrignano dei Greci, Corigliano d'Otranto, Martano, Martignano, Melpignano, Soleto, Sternatia and Zollino – in the heart of Terra d’Otranto. Why this pocket of Apulia has retained its Greek heritage is not altogether clear.» 
14. ↑ Commission of the European Communities, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana (1986). Linguistic minorities in countries belonging to the European community: summary report. Commission of the European Communities. p. 87. ISBN 9789282558508. «In Italy, Greek (known locally as Griko) is spoken today in two small linguistic islands of southern Italy…The dialects of these two linguistic islands correspond for the most part, as regards morphology, phonetics, syntax and lexis to the neoclassical dialects of Greece, but they also present some interesting archaic characteristics. This has led to much discussion on the origins of the Greek-speaking community in southern Italy: according to some scholars (G. Morosi and C. Battisti), Greek in this area is not a direct continuation of the ancient Greek community but is due to Byzantine domination (535-1071); whereas for other scholars (Rohlfs, etc.), the Greek community of southern Italy is directly linked to the community of Magna Grecia.» 
15. ↑ Jaeger, Werner Wilhelm (1960). Scripta minora, Volume 2. Edizioni di storia e letteratura. p. 361. OCLC 311270347. «It began to dwindle in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries when the South became more and more Italianized and the Greek civilization of Calabria no longer found moral and political support in Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire.» 
16. ↑ Calcagno, Anne; Morris, Jan (2001). Travelers' Tales Italy: True Stories. Travelers' Tales. p. 319. ISBN 9781885211729. «Mass media has steadily eroded the Grecanico language and culture, which the Italian government — despite Article 6 of the Italian Constitution that mandates the preservation of ethnic minorities — does little to protect.» 
17. ↑ Morosi, Giuseppe (1870). Sui dialetti greci della terra d'Otranto. Lecce: Editrice Salentina. 
18. ↑ Douri De Santis (2015). «Griko and Modern Greek in Grecìa Salentina: an overview». Idomeneo 19: 187–198. 
19. ↑ Moseley, Christopher (2007). Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages. Routledge. p. 248. ISBN 9780700711970. «Griko (also called Italiot Greek) Italy: spoken in the Salento peninsula in Lecce Province in southern Apulia and in a few villages near Reggio di Calabria in southern Calabria. Griko is an outlying dialect of Greek largely deriving from Byzantine times. The Salentine dialect is still used relatively widely, and there may be a few child speakers, but a shift to South Italian has proceeded rapidly, and active speakers tend to be over fifty years old. The Calabrian dialect is only used more actively in the village of Gaddhiciano, but even there youngest speakers are over thirty years old. The number of speakers lies in the range of 20,000. South Italian influence has been strong for a long time. Severely Endangered.»